Testicular Cancer
Comprehensive approach to managing diagnosis and treatment pathways.
Early Signs of
Testicular Cancer
Testicular cancer is the growth of malignant cells in the testicle. It can occur at any age, but most frequently strikes young men between 15 and 35 years of age. Typically, only one testicle is affected. With an early diagnosis, testicular cancer is highly treatable, but, left untreated, testicular cancer can metastasize and become fatal.
Risks of Testicular Cancer
While the cause of testicular cancer is uncertain, there are several known risk factors that may include:
Smoking.
Family history of the disease.
A previously undescended testicle.
Prior testicular cancer.
Abnormal testicle development.
Having AIDS.
Who Is at Higher Risk?
For unknown reasons, testicular cancer occurs more frequently in Caucasian males than in males of other races. This discrepancy is most pronounced in regard to African-American males; white men are five times more likely to develop testicular cancer than African-American men.
Symptoms of
Testicular Cancer
In some cases, patients with testicular cancer are asymptomatic. In patients who exhibit symptoms of the disease, the symptoms may include:
Pain or heaviness in the scrotum.
Swelling or enlargement of the testicle.
Lump in the testicle.
Dull ache in the back or groin.
Enlargement or tenderness of breast tissue.
Loss of sexual desire.
Premature puberty in boys.
If the cancer has advanced to the lymph nodes in the abdomen, the patient may also experience abdominal pain.
Diagnosis of Testicular Cancer
To diagnose testicular cancer, a physician will first perform a thorough physical examination of the testicles and scrotum to detect any presence of a lump. Other diagnostic tests administered may include:
Blood tests for tumor markers.
CT scan.
Ultrasound scan.
MRI scan.
X-rays.
How Testicular Cancer Is Confirmed
A biopsy, performed with a needle or as an open procedure requiring a small incision, may be performed on testicular tissue to confirm a cancer diagnosis. Once a patient has been diagnosed with testicular cancer, further testing is administered to determine which type of cancer it is and what its stage is.
Types and Stages
of Testicular Cancer
There are two basic types of testicular cancer: seminoma and nonseminoma. Seminomas are less likely to be aggressive, whereas nonseminomas, which tend to develop earlier in life, are more likely to grow rapidly. Testicular cancer, like other cancers, is divided into stages according to its severity and advancement. The three stages of cancer are delineated as follows:
Stage I cancer has not spread beyond the testicle.
Stage II cancer has spread to the abdominal lymph nodes.
Stage III cancer has metastasized to other organs.
When testicular cancer advances to stage III, it typically spreads to the lungs, liver, or brain.
Treatment of
Testicular Cancer
Treatment methods for testicular cancer may include:
Surgery to remove a testicle and possibly nearby lymph nodes.
Radiation, using high-dose X-rays to destroy cancer cells.
Chemotherapy, using medications to kill cancer cells.
Importance of Self-Examination
All boys and men should be instructed in appropriate ways to self-examine their testicles so that any testicular cancer can be detected at its earliest possible stage. When the disease is caught and treated at an early stage, the vast majority of patients survive.
